A Need for a Carbon Dioxide Captured-Amounts Database

The 2020 annual and sustainability reports of eight global petroleum companies (BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Equinor, ExxonMobil, Saudi Aramco, Shell, and TotalEnergies) were examined to discover how much carbon dioxide emission amounts were captured by these companies during their 2020 production operations.   I could find no data in these reports on carbon dioxide amounts captured in 2020. 

Extensive data is reported by these companies on total carbon dioxide emissions, total hydrocarbons produced, and goals for carbon dioxide capture, but not data on how much carbon dioxide was captured in 2020.   This seems to me to be a huge problem in trying to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by carbon dioxide capture at the point of carbon dioxide production.

I suggest a database is needed that will provide the quantities of carbon dioxide that is captured from the gas emissions of industrial companies.  The quantities inputted need to be as a standardized value so that quantities in the database can be compared.  National environmental agencies (e.g., the Environment Protection Agency in the United States) are candidates for maintenance of the databases on a country-by-country basis.  Individual country databases need to tie into a global database managed by an international agency (e.g., the World Bank or the United Nations).  The global database would include the individual country data.  Maintaining the database will require effective collaboration between the public institution keeping the database and the companies providing the data. 

Unless accurate and readily available amounts of carbon dioxide being captured can be accessed in a global, reliably-maintained data base, assessments of a global carbon dioxide capture program will not be able to be evaluated and managed.

Chemical and Metal Shortage Alert – October 2021

The purpose of this blog is to identify chemical and metal shortages reported on the Internet.  The sources of the information reported here are primarily news releases issued on the Internet.  The issue period of the news releases is October 2021. 

Section I below lists those chemicals and metals that were on the previous month’s Chemical and Metal Shortage Alert list and continue to have news releases indicating they are in short supply.  Click here to read the September 2021 Chemical and Metal Shortage Alert list. 

Section II lists the new chemicals and metals (not on the September alert).  Also provided is some explanation for the shortage and geographical information.  This blog attempts to list only actual shortage situations – those shortages that are being experienced during the period covered by the news releases.  Chemicals and metals identified in news releases as only being in danger of being in shortage status are not listed. 

Section I. 

• Aluminum: global; production not keeping up with demand
• Chemicals produced from petroleum (petrochemicals): United States, European Union; production not keeping up with demand
• Construction materials:  United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom; production not keeping up with demand
• Paint: United States; production not keeping up with demand 

Section II.   Shortages Reported in October not found on the Previous Month’s Lists 

• Magnesium: global; supply not keeping up with demand
• Silicon metal: global; production not keeping up with demand
• Tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) fire retardant: European Union; supply not keeping up with demand 

Reasons for Section II shortages can be broadly categorized as:  

• Mining not keeping up with demand: none
• Production not keeping up with demand: silicon metal
• Sources no longer available: none
• Insufficient imports:  none
• Supply not keeping up with demand: magnesium; tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate 

Microorganism and Enzyme Chemical Production

In two previous blogs, I wrote about using carbon dioxide, as a raw material for producing carbon-containing chemicals via chemical reactions (click here to read that blog) and about using biomass as a raw material in producing carbon-containing chemicals through fermentation processes (click here to read that blog).  In this blog, I write about companies that use microorganisms and enzymes to produce carbon-containing, product-oriented chemicals.   In all three blogs the essential message is to identify chemicals that are being made for use in large-scale products without using fossil fuels as a raw material to produce those chemicals. 

The following table identifies seven companies that I could find websites for that provide on the website the identify of a compound (or compounds) that the company indicates it is producing by using engineered/modified microorganisms and/or enzymes and non-fossil fuels raw materials.

 

company	chemical produced	what company does
genomatica	1,4-butanediol, 1,3-butylene glycol	develops microorganisms for producing chemicals
conagen	amino acids, lipids	engineers microbes to produce chemicals
global bioenergies	isobutene	develops enzymes for producing chemicals
dsm	methane, ethanol	use of enzymes to convert feedstock to biogas
mango materials	polyhydroxyalkanoate (pha)	uses special bacteria to produce polyhydroxyalkanoate (pha) from methane
zymergen	polyimide film	develops microorganisms for producing chemicals
evolva	resveratrol, nootkatone	engineers microorganisms for producing personal care, flavors, and fragrance products

 

I identified several other companies that are pursuing synthetic biology/microorganism, enzyme engineering technologies to produce chemicals from non-fossil fuel starting materials, but none of them identify any chemicals that they have produced.

Three of the companies in the table above (DSM, Zymergen, and Evolva) are public companies (based on my research).  DSM is a huge chemical/nutritional product company and sales revenues generated from whatever chemicals they sell from enzyme/microorganism production likely would not be provided in their public reporting.  Zymergen’s sales revenues in 2019 and 2020 were $15 million and $13 million, respectively and Evolva sales revenues in 2019 and 2020, $12 million and $9 million.   A conclusion from this data is that the amount of chemicals being made from synthetic biology/microorganism-enzyme engineering is very small.

This blog and the two previous blogs (using carbon dioxide as a raw material source and using biomass and fermentation processes) on producing chemicals from non-fossil fuels sources suggest that replacing fossil fuels with other raw materials for producing industrial-used chemicals are being actively pursued, but still are developing businesses.

Chemical and Metal Shortage Alert – September 2021

The purpose of this blog is to identify chemical and metal shortages reported on the Internet.  The sources of the information reported here are primarily news releases issued on the Internet.  The issue period of the news releases is September 2021.

Section I below lists those chemicals and metals that were on the previous month’s Chemical and Metal Shortage Alert list and continue to have news releases indicating they are in short supply.  Click here to read the August 2021 Chemical and Metal Shortage Alert list. 

Section II lists the new chemicals and metals (not on the August alert).  Also provided is some explanation for the shortage and geographical information.  This blog attempts to list only actual shortage situations – those shortages that are being experienced during the period covered by the news releases.  Chemicals and metals identified in news releases as only being in danger of being in shortage status are not listed. 

Section I. 

• Aluminum: global; production not keeping up with demand
• Construction materials:  United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom; production not keeping up with demand
• Granite: United States; production not keeping up with demand
• Oxygen: United States; production not keeping up with demand
• Paint: United States; production not keeping up with demand 

Section II.   Shortages Reported in September not found on the Previous Month’s Lists 

• Carbon dioxide: United Kingdom; production not keeping up with demand
• Chemicals produced from petroleum (petrochemicals): United States, European Union; production not keeping up with demand
• Fiberglass: United States; production not keeping up with demand
• Paper products: United States; supply not keeping up with demand
• Plastics: United States, European Union; production not keeping up with demand
• Sewage treatment chemicals: United Kingdom; supply not keeping up with demand

Reasons for Section II shortages can be broadly categorized as:  

• Mining not keeping up with demand: none
• Production not keeping up with demand: carbon dioxide; chemicals produced from petroleum; fiberglass; plastics
• Sources no longer available: none
• Insufficient imports:  none
• Supply not keeping up with demand: paper products; sewage treatment chemicals

Chemicals from Biomass

In an earlier blog, carbon dioxide as a raw material (click here to read that blog), I wrote that finding new and widespread use of carbon dioxide as a raw material for making carbon-containing chemicals is important in trying to reduce fossil fuel use and carbon dioxide emissions.

In this blog, I identify thirteen companies that generate carbon-containing chemicals from another non-fossil source – biomass. The following table identifies those thirteen companies, along with the chemicals the companies are producing, and the countries the companies are headquartered in:

 

company	chemical product	company's country headquarters
genomatica	1,3-butylene glycol	usa
genomatica	1,4-butanediol (bdo)	usa
metabolic explorer	1.3-propanediol (pdo)	france
corbion	2,5-furandicrboxylic acid (fdca)	netherlands
genomatica	adipic acid (ada)	usa
cargill	agricultural chemicals	usa
poet	alcohols	usa
metabolic explorer	amino acid - methionine	france
genomatica	butadiene (bde)	usa
gevo	butylene	usa
genomatica	caprolactam (cpl)	usa
afyren	carboxylic acid, e.g., acetic acid	france
cargill	detergent chemicals	usa
gevo	fuels	usa
poet	fuels	usa
sbi bioenergy	fuels	canada
synthetic genomics	fuels	usa
totalenergy	fuels	france
kalion	glucaric acid	usa
kalion	glucuronic acid	usa
genomatica	hexamethylenediamine (hmd)	usa
sbi bioenergy	hydrogen	canada
global bioenergies	isobutene	france
global bioenergies	isododecane	france
global bioenergies	kerosene	france
cargill	lubricant chemicals	usa
gf biochemicals	lvulinic acid	italy
cargill	personal care chemicals	usa
cargill	plastic chemicals	usa
corbion	polylactic acid (pla)	netherlands
totalenergy	polylactic acid (pla)	france

  

The biomass that these companies indicate they produce chemicals from refers to renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals. That renewable organic material is being used means that less fossil fuels are needed as a raw material and therefore less long-time stored carbon dioxide in the fossil fuels will be emitted into the atmosphere. The thirteen companies indicate that an important consequence of their efforts to produce chemicals from biomass is just that – less carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.

Another source of carbon-containing chemicals (i.e., biomass rather than fossils) seems essential. Unfortunately, the many decades of development that have gone into improving the economics of fossil fuels makes the current production of carbon chemicals from biomass uncompetitive. The need to more swiftly make carbon chemical production from biomass competitive, compared to production from fossils, suggests that government interventions, such as taxes on carbon chemicals produced from fossils, are needed.

 

Carbon Dioxide as a Raw Material

In an earlier, July 2, 2021 blog, I provided information on European efforts in developing uses for carbon dioxide.  Click here to read that blog.  Today’s blog, a follow-up to that blog, is on a European success story in using carbon dioxide as a raw material for producing products.

The German chemical company Covestro has, since 2016, been manufacturing a polyol product, trade named Cardyon, which has increasing demand as a product.  Cardyon incorporates up to 20% carbon dioxide as a raw material in its production.  Covestro at its website promotes Cardyon (click here).  In its 2020 annual report, Covestro indicates that Cardyon is being used in forms found in automotive interiors.  The European company, Recticel, is using Cardyon in its foam product (click here for a description of that form product).

Also in its annual report, Covestro indicates that Cardyon is being used, or anticipated for use, in other products, e.g., in sport floors; in textile fibers; and in building insulations.  The 2021 Tokyo Olympics used a sports floor made of Cardyon in its field hockey arena. Click here for more on that.  Covestro is developing the use of Cardyon to manufacture fibers for use in textiles.  Click here for more on this.  And recently Covestro has partnered with the Brazilian company, Calçados Beira Rio, to incorporate Cardyon in shoes.  Click here to read about this.

As indicated in the July 2, 2021 blog, finding ways of using carbon dioxide as a raw material has been for several years a European Union and member states policy.  As part of this policy, a vigorous program of collaboration between European companies, research institutes, and universities has been pursued and well-funded.  In 2021, Covestro was nominated for a European Patent Office award related to the development of Cardyon.  Click here to read more about this.

Finding new and widespread uses of carbon dioxide as a raw material for making chemicals is important in trying to reduce fossil fuel use and carbon dioxide emissions.

 

Chemical and Metal Shortage Alert – August 2021

The purpose of this blog is to identify chemical and metal shortages reported on the Internet.  The sources of the information reported here are primarily news releases issued on the Internet.  The issue period of the news releases is August 2021. 

Section I below lists those chemicals and metals that were on the previous month’s Chemical and Metal Shortage Alert list and continue to have news releases indicating they are in short supply. Click here to read the July 2021 Chemical and Metal Shortage Alert list. 

Section II lists the new chemicals and metals (not on the July alert).  Also provided is some explanation for the shortage and geographical information.  This blog attempts to list only actual shortage situations – those shortages that are being experienced during the period covered by the news releases. Chemicals and metals identified in news releases as only being in danger of being in shortage status are not listed. 

Section I. 

• Aluminum: global; production not keeping up with demand
• Chlorine: United States; production not keeping up with demand
• Construction materials:  United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom; production not keeping up with demand

Section II.   Shortages Reported in August not found on the Previous Month’s Lists 

• Granite: United States; production not keeping up with demand
• Oxygen: United States; production not keeping up with demand
• Packaging materials: United States; supply not keeping up with demand
• Paint: United States; production not keeping up with demand

Reasons for Section II shortages can be broadly categorized as:  

• Mining not keeping up with demand: none
• Production not keeping up with demand: granite; oxygen; paint
• Sources no longer available: none
• Insufficient imports:  none
• Supply not keeping up with demand: packaging materials